In order L. Vannamei can grow optimally, it needs a place to live that can provide state physics, chemistry, and biology is optimal. Physical environmental conditions are including temperature and salinity. While the chemical conditions is including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, orthophosphoric, and the presence of plankton as natural feed. Should be noted that environmental conditions can inhibit the growth of shrimp, shrimp can be deadly, such as the emergence of toxic gases and pathogenic microorganisms.
Paddle wheel Aerator (PWA) for Increase dissolved oxygen
Temperature is one factor controlling the speed of biochemical reactions. This is because the temperature can determine the metabolic rate of shrimp and other aquatic organisms. Low temperatures will result in a lower metabolic system in contrast to the high temperatures will spur a more rapid metabolism. In order for the cultivation of L. Vannamei to work well, pond waters temperature range suggested is between 28 - 32o C.

Water transparency values ​​for shrimp cultivation are recommended between 30-60 cm. The value of transparency associated with the color of water caused by the content and the amount of plankton contained therein. If the pond water green leaves of 35 cm brightness figures, when the dark green water color and brightness 20 cm of water when a blackish brown color brightness range between 60-80 cm.

The influence of pH is harmful to the shrimp are usually caused by the mechanism of increasing the concentration of toxic or poisonous substances, such as an increase in anionic ammonia (NH3) at pH above 7. Whereas in waters with low pH will cause an increase in the fraction of anionic sulfide (H2S) and the toxicity of nitrite, as well as physiological disorders shrimp. In the long term, low pH conditions would result in the release of sodium into the water body. On shrimp culture, the pH level will change from day to day and tended to decrease during the growing season the shrimp, because the accumulation of organic acids and nitrification of ammonia. Optimal pH range 7.5 to 8.3 for prawn growth.

Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the pond waters affects the physiology of the shrimp. Oxygen levels is the most important environmental factor in shrimp ponds. Decreasing DO in the water, would result in shrimp stress and susceptible to disease. Shrimp growth will be slow because the rate of feed consumption decreases with decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration. In ponds with dissolved oxygen concentration 1.0 mg / l cause shrimp can’t eat. The dissolved oxygen concentration of 1.0 -1.4 mg / l causes the shrimp do not grow, while the DO below 5mg / l causes the shrimp has limited growth.

Nitrate and orthophosphoric is a necessary nutrient in the growth of phytoplankton. Both types of nutrients can be directly utilized by phytoplankton. Nitrogen compounds as waste products of digestion of proteins can accumulate to dangerous levels in the pond. Shrimp using nitrogen component of the protein that has been digested (the amino group NH2) to form the protein itself, but its metabolism is not able to convert nitrogen into energy. An ammonia level from 0.02 to 0.05 mg / l was able to inhibit the growth of aquatic animals in general, whereas the levels of 0.45 mg / l can inhibit growth of 50% shrimp. Later in the levels of 1.29 mg / l has resulted in the death of the shrimp.
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Mangrove Forest
One function of mangrove forests as a buffer to maintain the shoreline in order to remain stable. Mangrove Forests can prevent sea erosion due to its ability in accelerating the expansion of land. On the other hand, the mangrove forest is also the most productive coastal ecosystems to be used as shrimp ponds. Especially for traditional pond.

Isolated patches of mangrove growing in semi-permanent saltwater. Source: https://www.avianreport.com/mangrove-forest/
In order for the construction of shrimp ponds can run and preservation of mangrove forests can be maintained it would require the construction of shrimp farms are environmentally sound. In selecting the location of the pond, things to note is the knowledge about the type of beach area that will serve as the location of shrimp farms.

Broadly speaking, land aquaculture can be divided into two fishponds are influenced by tidal (intertidal) and land ponds that are not influenced by tidal (supratidal). The hallmark of the intertidal area of ​​the flooded area during high tide would otherwise be bronzed and dry at low tide.

Intertidal Area
Intertidal area is generally covered by mangrove forest primary. If you want to build shrimp farms in the intertidal area, it is highly recommended in locations that are still brackish water. Despite the low productivity potential, but if its management is done well, especially the improvement of hydrological, then it can turn into a potential pond area.

Excess use of intertidal areas for pond construction site is in terms of income and expenditure of water that can be done by gravity. Especially for traditional farms that still use simple technology. When the tide, the water put into storage by opening the floodgates. Then at low tide gate was closed so that water can be accommodated for the flood embankment.

Supratidal Area
Supratidal area is an area that is not influenced by tides, but still can reach the highest high tide which usually happens once a year. Use of land for development in the region supratidal ponds require relatively high cost due to putting water into the pond needed additional equipment (pumps).

Cultivation is applied to this area should be done intensively in order to cover production costs are high. Intertidal area has the advantage on the clay soil texture, clay, and slightly sandy or a combination of all three. So when making this area of ​​the pond is completed, fry can be stocked directly without any risk of leakage.
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IMNV (Infectious Mionecrosis Virus) is a disease found in the white shrimp. The disease was first discovered in Brazil and the coast of South America in 2003. When first attacked, productivity white shrimp in Brazil declined very sharply. Over time IMNV disease a scourge that was greatly feared by the white shrimp farmers worldwide.
IMNV on White Shrimp. Source: http://gis.bkipm.kkp.go.id/edis/upload/20150225114758imnv.jpg
Dispersal and Disease Transmission
IMNV disease primarily spread by the host who had previously been carrying the virus IMNV. Recent research states that the IMNV is a type of virus R-NA. The nature of the R-NA is much simpler than the D-NA makes this virus can survive without a host for 60 days; compared with Whitespot (WSSV) which can only live for 3 hours if without a host. Diameter size of this virus is 40 nm, 1 / 8 times smaller than the Whitespot.

IMNV infected shrimp that have been marked with white as cotton in the third or fourth segment, will now grow up to the sixth segment. If you have severe then most of the affected segment of the shrimp will look red and cause death.

Trigger factors of IMNV
Based on experience, IMNV vicious attack in the pond if the water quality is not stable. Highly fluctuating temperature changes was allegedly a major cause of the spread and transmission of the IMNV. Ponds with stable quality will be more resistant to attack IMNV than ponds with an unstable water quality.

Disease prevention and handling of IMNV
Shrimp that have been stricken with the disease will usually be pulled over to the edge of the pond and is characterized by the onset of the color white as cotton in the 3rd segment. The most effective way to prevent the occurrence of disease IMNV is to implement a good Biosecurity. The selection and fries stocking of disease-free is one way to minimize the incidence of IMNV.

 Disinfection of water going into the pond should always be done in order to kill the host which may spread IMNV, due to its extremely small size, then the double filtering with a filter having a size smaller than 40 nm are also required to be done. Given this IMNV free living virus could reach 60 days it is expected that the already disinfected water is collected in ponds reservoirs as long as possible before it is released into the pond.

Increased endurance shrimp with extra vitamins and immunostimulants application can be done to reduce stress factor. Good water quality management and water quality carefully in order to remain stable is a key factor in order to prevent attacks IMNV disease. The last way is to reduce the stocking density. By reducing the stocking density of solid means give more space to live on the shrimp so that it will reduce stress factors. Conversely, when densely stocking the higher the risk of stress on the larger shrimp will thus be more susceptible to disease attack.
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Shrimp body is divided into 2 parts, the head and body section. the head fused with the chest called the cephalothorax. This section consists of 13 sections. 8 segment the chest and 5 segments on the head. Body and the abdomen consists of 6 segments, each segment has a pair of swimming feet are also segmented.
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Viral diseases have emerged a serious economic problem for shrimp farming in many country of the world. Many viruses were found negative effect on aquaculture shrimps, but have no effect in natural condition. In Indonesia and Asia in general IHHNV, TSV, and MNV have had a significant negative impact on aquaculture industries.
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Water quality management is basically the management of water quality parameters daily to keep it in optimal conditions for growth of shrimp. This is very important to prevent the shrimp experience stress that can accelerate the shrimp to various diseases.
Water quality equipment
Water quality parameters that must be managed well are: (1) transparency and water color, pH, DO, salinity, temperature, TAN (total ammonia nitrogen), free ammonia (NH3), and alkalinity.

 Transparency and Water Color
These water quality parameters reflecting the type and density of plankton. Core of this management is that each change can be followed and is anticipated to avoid stress on the cultured shrimp. The more intense the color of water signifies the more dense the number of existing plankton. Plankton density is too high may affect fluctuations in dissolved oxygen and pH in the pond. On a sunny day, the amount of dissolved oxygen will be very high and the pH tends to lower, while the evening will be very high pH and dissolved oxygen can decrease to less than 2 ppm. Transparency must be maintained at a level of 30-40 cm. If the density of plankton is very high, it must be reduced by replacing the water pond.

 pH (Potential Hydrogen)
In shrimp culture we want for pond pH value is equal or approximately equal to the pH value of the shrimp body. This is intended to allow the shrimp do not experience stress in adjusting pH of the body to its environment. pH in pond waters should be maintained in the range of 7.5-8.5. If the pH in pond waters are under the range of standardized, it must be enhanced by the provision of lime.

 DO (Dissolved Oxygen)
DO manage to be very important because the DO is a key factor for the success of shrimp culture. DO content in the morning should be above 4 ppm and above 6 ppm during the day. Manage the concentration of DO in pond waters are very closely related to the amount and type of phytoplankton, the number and condition of the existing aerator, shrimp biomass, total organic matter content in the pond, and bacterial activity. Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 4 ppm make shrimp difficulty capturing oxygen, so the shrimp will rise to the surface of the water to get oxygen. If this goes on for a long time, the shrimp will suffocate. If the shrimp shortage of dissolved oxygen, things to do is to perform the replacement of pond water, maximize the use of the aerator, and spread lime to inhibit the process of respiration from organisms other than shrimp.

 Salinity
Optimal salinity is required for shrimp to establish the metabolic processes properly. If the salinity in the shrimp body fluids is higher than the environment, the water in the environment will enter into the shrimp body so that the cell will swell. On the contrary, if the environmental salinity is higher than the salinity of shrimp body fluids, the water in the shrimp body will come out so that the shrimp become thin. Optimal salinity for growth of shrimp is 15-30 ppt.

 Temperature
Water temperature greatly affects the condition of shrimp, especially appetite. The higher the water temperature will be higher the metabolic processes in the body of the shrimp. Conversely, if the water temperature is very low metabolic processes in the body of the shrimp is inhibited so the shrimp do not want to eat. The optimal temperature for growth of shrimp is 28-30 oC

 TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen)
TAN measurements aimed to determine the ammonia content in the shrimp ponds as metabolic waste, dead plankton, organic matter input and the rest of the feed that is not biodegradable. Levels of Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) in pond should be no more than 2 ppm. If the value of TAN is high its mean residual organic material in the pond does not decompose well and should be immediately expelled.

 Free Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia is formed due to decomposition of organic material that is not perfect. Residual feed and shrimp feces will accumulate with high protein content. If the protein does not decompose completely the ammonia content in the pond becomes high. A standard level of ammonia in the pond is not more than 0.01 ppm.

 Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the amount of carbonate, bicarbonate, and hydroxide contained in the water. Alkalinity become an important key in the water because of its ability to sustain the pH, because the addition of acid without lowering the pH value. Standard value in the alkalinity of pond waters is equal to or greater than 80 ppm. If the alkalinity of pond water has a value below the standard thing to do is the application of lime, treat bacterial decomposition, and the addition of CO2.
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Major concerns in pond bottom soil management are low soil pH, high soil organic matter, lost of the oxidized layer, and accumulation of soft sediment. Although, the procedures outlines bellow can be used to correct soil quality problems.
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